In the material, the two German terms are associated with which single English phrase?

• A. Systemic Racism
• B. Structural Racism
• C. Personal Racism
• D. Cultural Racism

Answer: (A)

The main idea being tested is how racism is described as something that operates through the whole system, not just in isolated acts. The two German terms in the material point to racism that is embedded in the way policies, institutions, and everyday practices run across society. That kind of pervasive, system-wide influence is captured by the English phrase systemic racism. It conveys that discrimination shows up in laws, school funding, policing, housing, employment, and other structures in ways that create unequal outcomes for different racial groups, even when individuals don’t intend harm.

Personal racism focuses on individual attitudes or actions, and cultural racism centers on beliefs about culture, neither of which fully captures how the whole system perpetuates inequality. Structural racism is very close in sense, but the material’s pairing aligns more precisely with the systemic view, emphasizing the interconnected systems and institutions that collectively sustain disparities.